ACE and diabetes mellitus: Loew et al [78] reported that the co-existence of the 4G/5G polymorphism of the PAI-1 gene and the Ins/Del polymorphism of the ACE gene increases the risk for early onset of coronary heart disease, more espacially with the Del/Del polymorphism of ACE before the age of 55 years after controlling for sex, age, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and school education.