MYD88 and neoplasm: As the upregulation of distinct activation markers was no longer observed on DCs of MyD88 KO mice (Figures 4a1 and b1) or SNs of tumor cells that had been incubated with Apyrase (Figures 4a2 and b2), we conclude that a combination of released HMGB1 and nucleotides like ATP is responsible for the activation of DCs.