SIRT1 and cystic kidney disease: SIRT1 upregulation was observed in embryonic and post-natal Pkd1-mutant mouse renal epithelial cells and tissues whereas double conditional knockouts of PKD1 and SIRT1 as well as inhibition of SIRT1 with a pan-sirtuin inhibitor (nicotinamide) or a SIRT1-specific inhibitor (EX-527) resulted in delayed renal cyst formation.