Our finding that PPAR-γ inhibition leads to differentiation of M2c-like monocytes/macrophages is then novel, and may have significant implications in several fields focusing on macrophage biology, including studies on adipose tissue-associated macrophages, macrophages of atherosclerotic plaques, macrophage activation in chronic inflammatory diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and tumor-associated macrophages. This evidence concerns the gene PPARG and systemic lupus erythematosus.