However, in vivo impact of TZDs in atherosclerosis depends on mechanisms involving multiple cell targets apart from macrophages, such as inhibition of endothelial activation [45], inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation [47], reduction of vascular resistance and blood pressure [48], increased insulin sensitivity and adiponectin production [8], and anti-oxidant properties [49]. This evidence concerns the gene ADIPOQ and atherosclerosis.