Significantly, in a set of human patient cancer-adjacent, BPH, and normal fibroblasts (CAF, BAF, and NPF respectively) we observed increased expression of FBXO32 and COL4A6 genes when treated with DHT in CAFs and BAFs only (p<0.05, Fig. 6H), and a marked decrease in expression of MMP1 expression in all three cell types (p<0.05, Fig. 6I). Here, MMP1 is linked to benign prostatic hyperplasia.