In contrast, TGF-β and its receptors (TGF-βRI and TGF-βRII) may act as potential inhibitors of meningioma growth/proliferation through the Smad 2/3 apoptotic pathway [64], although the role of TGF-β in meningioma tumorigenesis remains to be fully established. Here, TGFB1 is linked to meningioma.