We next randomly selected 8 genes aberrantly expressed in HCCs that had aberrant DNA methylation (CR1, ESR1, PTPN13, and SOCS2) or SCNA (C8A, CXCL14, ITGA6 and MARCO) to validate the array-based results in an independent sample set consisting 47 HCCs and paired non-tumor specimens. The gene discussed is ESR1; the disease is neoplasm.