PTPN22 and rheumatic heart disease: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in a number of genes were found in patients with RHD compared to controls, namely protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor 22 (PTPN22),41 signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT),42 angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE I/D),43 TNF-α,44,45 transforming growth factor (TGF-β1),46,47 and TLR548, (Table 2).