Briguori et al. [23] evaluated the incidence of CIN in 410 consecutive patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing either coronary and/or peripheral angiography and/or angioplasty, and found an increase ≥0.3mg/dl in serum creatinine on 8.2% and an increase ≥10% in serum cystatin C on 21.2%. This evidence concerns the gene CST3 and chronic kidney disease.