We also measured other pathogenic factors that have been shown to be related to the development of NAFLD or diabetes33, 37, 38, 40, 41, such as TNF-α, MCP-1, leptin, and endotoxin (Figs. 1 and 2) as well as MDA, a marker of oxidative stress (Fig. 2). Here, LEP is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.