In particular, patients with HCM exhibit ~2-fold increased expression of FHL1, with a subsequent increase in protein levels of FHL-1 [270], while patients diagnosed with end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) show a ~3.5-fold decrease in the levels of FHL-1 transcripts resulting in reduced protein expression [271]. Here, FHL1 is linked to familial dilated cardiomyopathy.