The observation in ANCT and HNSCC of mRNAs for α7, α5, α3, and α9 AChR subunits (Fig. 3) might lend support to the Hainaut's group proposal, according to which homomeric α7 receptors mediate in proliferative effects and heteromeric α3(β2/β4)α5 receptors in negative inputs [57]. The gene discussed is IGKV1D-22; the disease is head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.