FCRL4 and malaria: Given the significance of FcRL4 as a marker for tissue-like and HIV-associated exhausted MBCs, we confirmed at the mRNA and protein levels by qPCR and flow cytometry, respectively, that malaria-associated atypical MBCs do not express FcRL4 (Figure 3F,G), whereas FcRL5, an inhibitory protein prominently upregulated by atypical MBCs in the microarray experiment (Figure 3D), was confirmed to be upregulated by atypical MBCs at the mRNA and protein levels by qPCR and flow cytometry, respectively (Figure 3H,I).