TNF and systemic lupus erythematosus: In an attempt to address whether panels of serum Th1 (IL-12, IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) and Th2 (IL-5, IL-6, IL-10) cytokines were related to depression in 60 patients with childhood-onset SLE, only serum level of TNF-α was found to be associated with the level of depression in these patients, which is in keeping with the findings of a recent case-control study in patients with adult-onset SLE [100,101].