CASP2 and breast carcinoma: Similarly, a metallo-PC-mediated PDT in breast cancer cells led to apoptosis signs, including the predominance of apoptotic cells post-PDT; nuclear fragmentation was seen as oligonucleosomal degradation and increased expression of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), DNA fragmentation factor alpha (DFFA1) and caspase 2 (CASP2) genes [10].