MAPK3 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: At the molecular level, digoxin down-regulates NDRG1 and VEGF through the inhibition of HIF-1α under hypoxic conditions in A549 cells [35] and induces autophagy to account for the growth inhibitory effects in NSCLC cells through the regulation of mTOR and ERK1/2 signaling pathways [36].