CD4 and coinfection: In this study, we found different changes in the cell profile among the study groups: the percentages of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were lower and exhausted CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were higher in the TB + HW group as compared to the other study groups, which suggests that T cell activation is weakened and T cell exhaustion is elevated in settings of co-infection of MTB and hookworm.