TGFB1 and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: Anti-TGF-β treatment with pirfenidone, an orally active small molecule that inhibit TGF-β through reducing promoter activity and protein secretion, showed beneficial effect in diabetic mouse model (RamachandraRao et al., 2009) and in human focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) (Cho et al., 2007), a recently completed placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial also demonstrated the efficacy of pirfenidone on improving GFR in overt DN (Sharma et al., 2011).