Other immune-activating receptors increased by metronomic CPA treatment include pattern recognition receptors important for distinguishing self from non-self antigens, including toll-like receptors (human tumor cell-expressed TLR3 and TLR4, and mouse cell-expressed Tlrs 1, 4, 7, 8, and 13), MHC class I and class II receptors, as well as TLR-adaptor molecules, such as IRAK3 and TICAM2 (Additional file 2: Figure S8A). This evidence concerns the gene TLR3 and neoplasm.