HMGB1 and neoplasm: Apoptosis-independent (necrotic) pathways that link macrophage-associated immunity to CPA-damaged tumors have been identified [100], and CPA-induced secretion of HMGB1 protein, a hallmark of immunogenic cell death [101] that may be a critical step in the activation of an anti-tumor immune response, independent of an intracellular apoptotic cascade [69,102], has been reported [90,100].