INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Eligibility criteria included age 8.0 to 16.9 years, diagnosis of type 1 diabetes ≥ 1 year, daily insulin dose ≥0.5 units per kilogram, most recent HbA1c ≥6.5% and ≤10.0%, intensive insulin therapy with either an insulin regimen of ≥3 injections daily or insulin pump, at least one clinic visit in the past year, and ability to communicate in English.