High levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-6, TNFα, and TNFRII; T cell cytokines such as IL-4, IL-12p70 and IL-2, as well as chemokines were seen in SLE patients (S1-4) who went on to produce a stronger anti-influenza response (Fig 4A). Here, TNF is linked to influenza.