MTOR and pancreatic neoplasm: GDC-0980 and NVP-BEZ235 alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutics or radiotherapy have been shown to induce intrinsic apoptosis in a variety of solid and liquid tumors.20, 22, 29, 34, 35, 36 Moreover, in cancers, such as renal cell carcinoma or pancreatic cancer, the combination of autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) with single mTOR or dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors sensitizes the cells and induces caspase-dependent and -independent cell death.32, 37, 38, 39 CQ is a lysosomotropic drug that raises intralysosomal pH40 and impairs autophagic protein degradation.