Recent report demonstrates that ER stress might be an upstream link for autophagy- and apoptosis-mediated cell death in gliomas.27 As shown in Figure 3b, unfolded protein response activation (accumulation of inositol-requiring enzyme 1 alpha (IRE1α)) and accumulation of ER stress-associated proteins (binding immunoglobulin protein (Bip) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)) were observed in thioridazine-treated GBM cells. This evidence concerns the gene DDIT3 and central nervous system cancer.