MAPK8 and inflammatory bowel disease: It is also involved in many signaling pathways, including vitamin D receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) signaling pathways, and contributes to inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer [33, 55–58]. Salmonella infection facilitates bacterial invasion across the EM by inducing claudin-2 expression and altering its localization in TJs which is reversible by specific inhibitors (EGFR (Gefitinib) and JNK (SP600125)), making claudin-2 as a potential therapeutic target to prevent bacterial invasion and inflammation [59].