TNF and cancer: Additionally, overexpression of URG4/URGCP upregulated a number of genes downstream of the NF-κB signaling pathway: TNF, IL-6, IL-8 and MYC. TNF-α is well-recognized to promote angiogenesis and drive remodeling of blood vessels in vivo [46-48]; interleukin-6 increases the expression of VEGF and can promote angiogenesis [49-51]; IL-8 has been shown to play an important role in tumor angiogenesis [52]; and Myc plays an essential role in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis during the development and progression of various types of cancer [53-55].