AR and prostate carcinoma: Although Thorne et al. [20] showed that the β-catenin signaling was potently targeted by pyrvinium pamoate through the activation of casein kinase 1, novel mechanisms of action of pyrvinium pamoate have been suggested in different cancer cells lines, identifying pyrvinium pamoate as a novel anticancer drug able to target mitochondrial respiration in hypoglycemic/hypoxic conditions [42] and to inhibit the unfolded protein response induced by glucose starvation [43] and a noncompetitive androgen receptor inhibitor in prostate cancer cell lines.