HMGB1 and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: Unlike the results from the research in sepsis patients as mentioned above, this study demonstrated that HMGB-1 levels increased with the severity of HFRS (Table 3, Figure 1); dynamic monitoring of HMGB-1 could benefit the early prediction of prognosis (Table 5, Figure 3), which indicates that HMGB-1 plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of HFRS as a proinflammatory cytokine.