FGF23 and chronic kidney disease: In the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC), a graded and independent association between high levels of FGF-23 and CKD progression, congestive heart failure, and atherosclerotic events (myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease) was documented among 3860 CKD 2–4 patients [96, 97].