H19 and breast carcinoma: Previously, it was reported that c-MYC, an estrogen-regulated gene in ER+ breast cancer cells (Dubik & Shiu 1988), was also able to bind to and activate the transcription of the H19 gene (Barsyte-Lovejoy et al. 2006), which indicates that estrogen signaling might in fact indirectly regulate the expression of H19 through the activation of c-MYC.