INS and Insulin resistance: These findings are supported by recent studies: (1) systematic review and meta-analysis of insulin sensitivity in IVGTT finding less insulin resistance in East Asians compared to Caucasians and Africans [35] and (2) studies on matched cohorts of Caucasian and Japanese subjects revealing lower HOMA-IR and Matsuda index, but not higher SI, in Japanese throughout the different stages of glucose tolerance [8•, 9•].