TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Likewise, obese subjects have higher serum levels of proinflammatory mediators, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and angiogenic factors, such as VEGF, IGF-1, MMPs, and leptin, than healthy people [37,38], and these factors are reported to participate in the pathophysiological conditions of obesity.