We first applied immunofluorescence co-staining using pre-adipocyte markers Pre-adipocyte factor-1 (Pref-1) and CD34 to examine the distribution of pre-adipocytes (double positive) in human PCa samples [20, 21], and results revealed that there were more pre-adipocytes in the PCa area compared to the adjacent normal prostate tissues (Fig. 1A-B). This evidence concerns the gene CD34 and posterior cortical atrophy.