Obesity may induce a state of low-grade inflammation by recruiting macrophages into adipose tissue in response to the increased monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) gene expression, and these macrophages may attribute to elevated circulating inflammatory markers in humans and mice such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) [14]. Here, TNF is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.