NPY and Insulin resistance: Importantly, this effect in such animals can be manifested with intracerebroventricular administration of bromocriptine at nearly one thousandth the effective systemic dose [10], and likely involves bromocriptine’s effect to reduce elevated VMH NE and S activities and Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) levels (present study, [11, 12, 14, 45], that potentiate insulin resistance, direct hyperinsulinemia independent of insulin resistance, and increased beta cell GSIS concurrently [1, 11, 12, 15].