CSF1 and cancer: Takagi et al. [32] observed serum M-CSF levels in this type of cancer significantly different from those in patients with a benign ovarian tumor (p < 0.01) and with leiomyoma (p < 0.001) as well as between endometrial (stages Ib-III) and cervical (stages III-IV) cancer patients and patients with leiomyoma (p < 0.05).