AKT1 and cancer: In many cancer cells, activated Akt phosphorylates various substrates either in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus, and it inhibits apoptosis through multiple pathways [48] including inducing the direct phosphorylation and inactivation of many pro-apoptotic proteins like Bad and caspase-9 [49], down-regulation of some pro-apoptotic proteins and the up-regulation of some anti-apoptotic proteins, such as Bcl-2 [50,51].