TLR7 and malaria: Additional modifications to the WHc(C61S)-Mal-78.3T vaccine candidate compared to ICC1132 are: the use of the full length WHcAg to accommodate the encapsidation of ssRNA as a TLR7 ligand, which enhances immunogenicity [39]; incorporation of additional malaria-specific T cell domains; and mutation of the WHcAg cysteine 61, which eliminates intermolecular disulfide bonds common to both WHcAg and HBcAg.