MRC1 and cancer: Nevertheless, the existence of four different genetic means for carcinogenesis of the colon have been described: 1) the Wnt/β-catenin means, associated with the adenoma-cancer sequence; 2) the means of microsatellite instability because of mutation or hypermethylation of the MMR genes; 3) the ulcerative colitis/dysplasia/cancer means not associated with an APC mutation or the formation of polyps; 4) the means of frequent hypermethylation in sporadic cancers [78].