Treatment regimens utilizing ESA doses to achieve high target Hb levels ≥13.0 g/dL showed a higher event rate for a composite endpoint including death and hospitalization for chronic heart failure (CHOIR) [34], a higher number of patients requiring dialysis (CREATE) [32] and a higher rate of fatal or nonfatal stroke (TREAT) [33] compared to the respective treatment arm aiming for lower target Hb levels. This evidence concerns the gene GSTM1 and Stroke.