Systematic injection of the TLR2 ligand Pam3CSK4 24 h before the focal MCAO cerebral ischemia, the significantly reduced volume of cerebral infarction in the Pam3CSK4-preconditioning mice were observed, as well as reduced brain edema, maintained nerve function, and reduced mortality in the acute phase [62]. This evidence concerns the gene TLR2 and brain ischemia.