HIF1A and bacterial infectious disease: In this study we found AKB-4924 significantly boosted levels of NO, cathelicidins (human LL-37 and mouse CRAMP) and hBD2 in both UPEC infected human uroepithelial cells and murine bladders, coincides with studies that showed HIF-1α positively regulates NO and AMPs to support clearance of bacterial infections in skin keratinocytes and leukocytes [24,25,31,78,79]; thus we suggest that HIF-1α serves a similar role in uroepithelial cells.