HIF1A and infection: Thus, to examine how AKB-4924-mediated HIF-1α upregulation influenced UPEC survival during uroepitheilal cell infection, we recovered bacterial colony forming units (CFU) 2 h post-infection (total bacterial survival), or after a subsequent 2 h of gentamicin treatment, a standard method frequently used to assess intracellular bacterial survival due to its poor ability to penetrate mammalian cell membranes [34–38].