Recently, it has been reported that NOX4 promotes non-small cell lung cancer cell proliferation and metastasis through positive feedback regulation of PI3K/Akt signaling [30] and is involved in TGF-beta and SMAD3-driven induction of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and migration of breast epithelial cells [31]. This evidence concerns the gene SMAD3 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.