The approval of ipilimumab, an immunomodulatory monoclonal antibody directed against the cell surface antigen CTLA-4 and vemurafenib, a targeted agent for the treatment of BRAFV600E [2–4] mutation-positive melanomas paved the way for the subsequent approval of 2 additional agents, trametinib and dabrafenib which together inhibit two distinct components of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway and are used in combination to treat melanoma patients with BRAFV600E or BRAF V600K mutations [5]. The gene discussed is CTLA4; the disease is melanoma.