In addition, dozens ISGs, among which some have been characterized for their antiviral activities against various other viral infections, for example Mx1, Ifit1, Isg15, Ifi44, Ddx60, Oasl (Liu et al., 2012; Schoggins et al., 2011) and Irf7 were up-regulated upon HDV inoculation in hNTCP-Tg mice. Here, IRF7 is linked to viral infectious disease.