In addition, dozens ISGs, among which some have been characterized for their antiviral activities against various other viral infections, for example Mx1, Ifit1, Isg15, Ifi44, Ddx60, Oasl (Liu et al., 2012; Schoggins et al., 2011) and Irf7 were up-regulated upon HDV inoculation in hNTCP-Tg mice. This evidence concerns the gene IFI44 and viral infectious disease.