The risk of gastric cancer is, on the other hand, high (OLGA class III-IV) in subjects with low levels of fasting pepsinogen 1 (less than 30 microg/l), with low pepsinogen 1 to pepsinogen 2 ratio (lower than 3) and with high fasting gastrin-17 (above 7 pmol/l), The cancer risk is high in these patients irrespectively of whether the patient has or does not have an on-going H. pylori infection (see Figure 8) [72, 80]. Here, GAST is linked to cancer.