CCL2 and diabetes mellitus: Western blot analysis showed that hepatic NF-κ B protein levels in the DM group were significantly increased compared with those of the normal control group; 1, 25 (OH) 2D3 treatment significantly reduced NF-κ B protein levels compared with DM group (Figure 3A), as was hepatic NF-κ B, MCP-1, ICAM-1, and TGF-β1 mRNA (Figure 4).