TLR4 and neurodegenerative disease: The present study demonstrated that F. mume exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by attenuating white matter lesions, microglial and astrocytic activation, the increased expression of proinflammatory mediators, and the stimulation of TLR4 and p38 MAPK signaling that are induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, suggesting a novel mechanism to explain the anti-inflammatory action of F. mume and its potential usefulness as a neuroprotective agent for the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.