Finally, Lin et al demonstrated that ADT with the anti-androgens casodex or enzalutamide could increase the PCa cell invasion via either altering the TGFβ-1/Smad3/MMP9 signals [25] or influencing the infiltrating macrophages via reduced AR-mediated PIAS3 expression and then enhanced pSTAT3-CCL2 signals (32). Here, SMAD3 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.