Mechanism dissection found recruited mast cells might function through modulation of AR signaling to enhance PCa cell invasion, which is in agreement with early studies showing targeting AR with AR-siRNA might lead to enhance PCa cell invasion via either TGF-β1/Smad3/MMP9 signaling [25] or STAT3-CCL2/CCR2 signaling [8]. Here, SMAD3 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.