NPPB and heart failure: Heart failure biomarkers, such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and its precursor N-terminal pro BNP (NT-proBNP), have been also found to be elevated in children with tonic-clonic seizures (including FS), pointing towards an involvement of the neuro-cardio-endocrine axis in such events.[26,27] However, since NT-proBNP values may also increase in children with simple febrile infections,[28] these biomarkers seem less suited for accurately diagnosing FS at the emergency setting.