Our result showed that PD-1 expression was significantly increased on CD161++ MAIT cells of treatment naïve HIV/TB co-infected patients (median, 12.1%; range 0–33.3; P<0.001), treatment naïve HIV-infected patients (median, 3.2%; range, 0–27.8; P<0.05), and HIV-infected patients under treatment (median, 3.5%; range 0–12.8; P<0.05) as compared to HCs (median, 1.14%; range, 0–3.85) (Fig 3A and 3B). This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and tuberculosis.